How does NAD+ work in the cell?

NAD+ cycles between its oxidised (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) forms to ferry electrons through the mitochondrial electron transport chain, enabling ATP production. The same molecule is consumed by sirtuins and PARP enzymes during DNA repair and gene regulation, so the NAD+/NADH ratio acts as a real-time sensor of a cell's energy and stress state.

What are the main sirtuin targets of NAD+?

SIRT1 regulates autophagy, inflammation and circadian rhythm. SIRT3 is the principal mitochondrial sirtuin and controls oxidative stress and fatty-acid oxidation. SIRT6 supports DNA repair and telomere maintenance. Every sirtuin requires NAD+ as a substrate, so the cellular NAD+/NADH ratio directly sets how active these enzymes can be.

How is purity verified?

Each batch ships with a certificate of analysis reporting purity by HPLC and identity by mass spectrometry. It is available on request before ordering.

NAD+ - NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is the central redo

NAD+

Name: NAD+
Brand: Milo-Lab
Availability: InStock

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is the central redox coenzyme and a substrate for sirtuin and PARP enzymes. Research compound.

CellularMitochondrial

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1 vial · 500 mg total

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For research & laboratory use only. Not for human consumption.

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Half-Life

Short (intracellular conversion from NMN/NR precursors)

Sirtuin Substrate

Substrate for SIRT1/3/5 in epigenetic and metabolic pathways

PARP Cofactor

Essential cofactor for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase

Redox Coenzyme

Electron carrier in the mitochondrial transport chain

Mechanism of Action

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is the oxidised redox coenzyme at the centre of cellular energy production, shuttling electrons through the mitochondrial electron transport chain to drive ATP synthesis. Beyond energy metabolism it is the obligate co-substrate for the sirtuin deacetylases (SIRT1 through SIRT7), enzymes that govern DNA repair, mitochondrial biogenesis, inflammatory signalling and stress-response gene expression. NAD+ also powers the PARP family (poly-ADP-ribose polymerases), which detect and repair single-strand DNA breaks, and is consumed by CD38 ectoenzymes. Tissue NAD+ pools fall by roughly 40 to 60 percent between young adulthood and old age, which weakens sirtuin and PARP activity and makes restoring NAD+ a core target in longevity and metabolic research.

Scientific Research

NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing

Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology (2021)

Intravenous and oral NAD+ supplementation in a mouse model of aging

Cell Metabolism (2015)

Why Researchers Choose NAD+

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is the coenzyme that sits at the centre of cellular energy and repair, and injectable NAD+ is the form most used in research that needs reliable systemic exposure. Because tissue NAD+ levels fall sharply with age, it is studied wherever mitochondrial function, DNA repair and the biology of ageing intersect:

Sirtuin activation and epigenetic regulation studies
Mitochondrial biogenesis and function research
DNA damage repair capacity assessment
Metabolic flexibility and substrate oxidation studies
Neurological function and neuroprotection in ageing models
Inflammatory pathway modulation (NF-kB, CD38 activity)

How NAD+ Works

NAD+ cycles between its oxidised (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) forms to shuttle electrons through the mitochondrial electron transport chain, the process that ultimately generates ATP. Beyond energy metabolism, the same molecule is the obligatory substrate for two families of repair enzymes: sirtuins (SIRT1, SIRT3, SIRT6), which govern epigenetic regulation, mitochondrial oxidative defence and telomere maintenance, and PARP enzymes, which carry out poly(ADP-ribose) DNA repair. Because both enzyme classes consume NAD+, the cellular NAD+/NADH ratio acts as a real-time sensor of energy and stress state, and restoring NAD+ is studied as a way to keep these pathways active in ageing models.

Storage and Reconstitution

Reconstitution: use sterile water for injection or normal saline immediately before use; further dilution in 100-250ml normal saline is the range reported in the literature; 1-2ml bacteriostatic water. Protect from light. After reconstitution: keep refrigerated and use within 24 hours for IV, within 7 days for subcutaneous.